A prospective, comparative study of the analgesic effect between the WALANT technique and local anesthesia associated with sedation for hand surgery

Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to compare the WALANT (wide awake, local anesthesia, no tourniquet) technique with local anesthesia associated with sedation in relation to pain intensity for minor hand surgical procedures. The secondary objective was to evaluate the need for analgesic complementation. Methods: A prospective, randomized, comparative, and clinical study was carried out. The sample size in each group was determined after statistical evaluation of the results of a pilot project. The participants were allocated to one of two groups; those in group 1 were submitted to the WALANT technique, and those in group 2, to local anesthesia associated with sedation, for elective surgery. The surgical procedures were carpal tunnel syndrome, De Quervain's tenosynovitis, synovial cyst, finger cyst, and trigger finger. Pain intensity, need for complementation and evolution to complex regional pain syndrome were evaluated. Results: There was no difference between groups in pain intensity after WALANT and need for intraoperative complementation. There was no significant difference in the amount of opioid applied postoperatively between the groups. There was no difference between groups regarding comfort during surgery. There was no difference in adverse effects and complications between the groups. Hematoma was the most frequent adverse event. No severe adverse events were observed. Conclusions: The WALANT technique promoted an analgesic effect similar to that of local anesthesia associated with sedation, without increasing adverse effects.

Técnica de WALANT en cirugías ambulatorias de mano en pacientes post COVID-19 / Walant technique in outpatient hand surgeries in post COVID-19 patients

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la utilidad de la Técnica de WALANT en cirugías ambulatorias de mano en pacientes post Covid-19 en el Hospital General del Sur "Dr. Pedro Iturbe", Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, durante el periodo de julio del 2020 a octubre del 2021. Se realizó un estudio pre-experimental, longitudinal y prospectivo. El muestreo fue probabilístico al azar simple. Se aplicó un análisis estadístico de tipo descriptivo. Se incluyeron 50 pacientes con edad promedio de 37,02+/- 14,1(18-64) años, 52% de sexo femenino y 48% masculino. De ocupación 46% comerciante y obrero. Ama de casa y oficinista 44%, otros 10%. Con diagnóstico de dedo en gatillo 20%, síndrome del túnel carpiano 24%. Con la técnica se realizaron procedimientos quirúrgicos tipo neuroadhesiolisis del nervio mediano 24%, exéresis 22%. Tiempo quirúrgico de 5 a 10 minutos de duración en 56,9% de los casos. Se encontró punta de EVA: preoperatorio 56% de 7-10 ptos, Intraoperatorio 64% 0 ptos y postoperatorio 66% 0 ptos. Analgesia de rescate 92%. 88% sin complicaciones. La estancia Hospitalaria en 92% de los casos fue 1 hora. Reintegro a sus actividades 90%. Tiempo de reintegro en 46% de los casos de 1-5 días. 86% de los pacientes se sintieron satisfechos. En conclusión, la Técnica de WALANT en pacientes post Covid-19 es de gran utilidad para la realización de cirugías ambulatorias de bajo riesgo de mano, presentó pocas complicaciones, el tiempo quirurgo fue corto, el reintegro a sus actividades fue rápido y la satisfacción del paciente fue buena(AU)

The objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of the WALANT Technique in ambulatory hand surgeries in post- Covid-19 patients at the Hospital General del Sur "Dr. Pedro Iturbe", Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, during the period from July 2020 to October 2021. A pre-experimental, longitudinal and prospective study was made. Sampling was simple random probabilistic. A descriptive statistical analysis was applied. 50 patients were included with an average age of 37,02+/-14,1(18-64) years, 52,0% female and 48,0% male. Occupation 46,0% merchant and worker. Housewife and office 44,0%, others 10,0%. With a diagnosis of trigger finger 20,0%, carpal tunnel syndrome 24,0%. With the technique, 24,0% median nerve neuroadhesiolysistype surgical procedures were performed, 22,0% exeresis. Surgical time from 5 to 10 minutes in 56,9% of cases. A VAS tip was found: preoperative 56,0% 7-10 points, intraoperative 64,0% 0 points and postoperative 66,0% 0 points. Rescue analgesia 92,0%. 88,0% without complications. Hospital stay in 92,0% of cases was 1 hour. Refund to their activities 90,0%. Refund time in 46,0% of cases from 1-5 days. 86,0% of the patients felt satisfied. In conclusion, the WALANT Technique in post-COVID-19 patients is very useful for performing low-risk outpatient hand surgeries, it presented few complications, the surgical time was short, the return to their activities was fast and the satisfaction of the patient. patient was good(AU)

Satisfaction of Patients Undergoing Hand Surgery / Satisfação dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de mão

Abstract Objective To assess the satisfaction of patients undergoing hand surgery in relation to their hospitalization, their feelings, and the consequences resulting from the surgical procedure as well as to evaluate their opinion and feelings in relation to the surgical procedure and to detect possible weaknesses in the health care of patients undergoing hand surgery. Method Cross-sectional observational clinical study, with a quali-quantitative focus, carried out in an outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital specialized in hand care, with patients of both genders, aged 18 to 75 years, who have undergone corrective surgical procedures of hand pathologies in the last 5 years. Results We obtained a total of 54 participants, 26 females and 28 males, with a minimum age of 18 years and a maximum of 73 years. Patient satisfaction for the 11 moments evaluated had means between 8 and 10, showing great satisfaction. For the other five moments evaluated, the means were between five and eight. We did not get any satisfaction average below fivr. Conclusion The absolute satisfaction of patients undergoing hand surgery is dependent on the humanization of health care, especially in relation to surgical consequences, which require further follow-up. The surgical consequences that require greater follow-up and hinder the routine activities of patients are pain on hand mobilization, limitation of the range of motion, and parathesthesia; thus, proper management of these complaints leads to greater satisfaction.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar a satisfação dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de mão em relação a sua internação, seus sentimentos, e as consequências decorrentes do procedimento cirúrgico bem como avaliar sua opinião e seus sentimentos em relação ao procedimento cirúrgico e detectar possíveis fragilidades na atenção à saúde do paciente submetido a cirurgia de mão. Método Estudo clínico observacional de corte transversal, com enfoque quali-quantitativo, realizado em um ambulatório especializado em cuidado da mão de um hospital de ensino, com os pacientes de ambos os gêneros, com idade de 18 a 75 anos, que tenham sido submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos corretivos de patologias da mão nos últimos 5 anos. Resultados Obtivemos o total de 54 participantes, sendo 26 do sexo feminino e 28 do sexo masculino, com idade mínima de 18 anos e máxima de 73 anos. Em relação à satisfação dos pacientes em 11 momentos avaliados, as médias foram entre 8 e 10, mostrando grande satisfação. Para os outros cinco momentos avaliados, as médias ficaram entre cinco e oito. Não obtivemos nenhuma média de satisfação abaixo de cinco. Conclusão A satisfação absoluta dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de mão é dependente da humanização da assistência à saúde, principalmente em relação às consequências cirúrgicas, que demandam maior acompanhamento. As consequências cirúrgicas que demandam maior acompanhamento e que dificultam as atividades rotineiras dos pacientes são dor à mobilização da mão, limitação do arco de movimento, e parestesia; assim, o manejo adequado dessas queixas leva à maior satisfação.

El auge y la caída del mito de la epinefrina en la mano / The Rise and Fall of the Epinephrine Myth in the Hand

La posibilidad de operar a los pacientes con afecciones de la mano bajo anestesia local con la lidocaína y la epinefrina usando la técnica WALANT provocó una revolución en la cirugía de la mano, que facilitó la vida de los pacientes y disminuyó los costos de los servicios hospitalarios. Es necesario que los cirujanos conozcan la técnica y la historia de esta técnica. El objetivo fue identificar los orígenes del auge y la caída del mito y del dogma de la prohibición de la adrenalina en los bloqueos anestésicos de los dedos. Se realizó un análisis crítico de los principales textos de los artículos y los libros sobre el uso de la epinefrina en la anestesia de los dedos. La creación del mito de prohibir el uso de la epinefrina en los bloqueos anestésicos de los dedos se produjo debido a la mala interpretación de los informes de los casos de necrosis ocurridos que, en realidad, no fueron causados por la epinefrina. Ese mito influyó en la aparición de un dogma. La historia del uso de la epinefrina en los bloqueos de los dedos anestésicos demuestra que las interpretaciones superficiales y erróneas de las complicaciones clínicas publicadas como informes de casos pueden generar mitos y dogmas. Solo la ciencia puede prevenir y destruir tales mitos y dogmas médicos(AU)

The possibility of operating patients with hand conditions under local anesthesia, with lidocaine and epinephrine, using WALANT technique caused a revolution in hand surgery, which made life easier for patients and lowered the costs of hospital services. Surgeons need to be aware of the possibilities and history of WALANT technique. The objective was to identify the origins of the rise and fall of the myth and dogma of the prohibition of adrenaline in anesthetic finger blocks. A critical analysis of the main texts of the articles and books on the use of epinephrine in finger anesthesia was carried out. The conception of the myth of banning the use of epinephrine in anesthetic finger blocks occurred due to misinterpretation of reports of necrosis occurring, which were not actually caused by epinephrine. That myth influenced the appearance of a dogma. The history of the use of epinephrine in anesthetic finger blocks demonstrates that superficial and misleading interpretations of clinical complications published as case reports can breed myth and dogma. Only science can prevent and destroy such medical myths and dogmas(AU)

Aplicación de la técnica WALANT en las cirugías de mano / Use of WALANT Technique in Hand Surgeries

Introducción: En los últimos años la anestesia local sin torniquete y con el paciente despierto, técnica conocida por WALANT (por sus siglas en inglés), ha ganado mucha popularidad en las cirugías de la mano y la muñeca. Objetivo: Reportar nuestra experiencia con el uso de la técnica WALANT, a fin de prescindir del uso del torniquete en las cirugías de la mano. Métodos: En noviembre del 2020 fueron intervenidos 30 pacientes por diversas enfermedades ortopédicas, entre las que figuraron: dedos en resorte, síndrome del túnel carpiano, tenovaginitis estenosante del pulgar, gangliones del carpo y amputación del tercer radio por rigidez en extensión postraumática, entre otras. Para la evaluación de la técnica tuvimos en cuenta: tiempo quirúrgico, magnitud del sangrado, dolor durante la infiltración anestésica, la intervención, y en las primeras 24 horas del postoperatorio, la necesidad de refuerzo anestésico, uso de isquemia, complicaciones y nivel de satisfacción del paciente. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos con esta técnica anestésica son semejantes a otras, con las ventajas que el sangrado es leve, no hay que utilizar isquemia, el tiempo quirúrgico es menor y el efecto anestésico duró entre 10 y 12 horas en todos los pacientes. En ninguno de los pacientes hubo necesidad de refuerzo anestésico. Conclusiones: Se demuestra la efectividad de la técnica WALANT en las cirugías de mano. Con ella se disminuye el gasto de materiales para el acto quirúrgico, así como de personal, es de fácil aplicación y disminuyen las sensaciones desagradables y los peligros del uso de isquemia en los pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Currently, the use of local anaesthetic with no tourniquet and wide awake patient (Wide Awake Local Anaesthetic No Tourniquet - WALANT) has gained popularity in surgeries of the hand and wrist. Objective: To report our experience in the use of WALANT technique in order to discard the use of tourniquet in hand surgeries. Method: In November 2020, thirty patients underwent surgery due to different orthopaedic conditions, among them trigger fingers, carpal tunnel syndrome, stenosing tenovaginitis of the thumb, carpal ganglion and amputation of the third radius due to post trauma stiffness, among others. In order to assess this technique, we considered surgical time, volume of bleeding, pain during anesthetic infiltration, intervention and the need for additional anesthetic during the first 24 hours after surgery; we considered also ischemia, complications and level patient´s satisfaction. Results: This technique had similar results to others; however, the bleeding is mild, there is no need for ischemia, the surgical time is lesser and the anesthetic effect lasted 10 to 12 hours in all patients. None of them required additional anesthetic. All subjects felt the initial infiltration but none complained of pain during the rest of the anesthetic injection or during the surgical act. There were no complications. Conclusions: The effectiveness of WALANT technique in hand surgeries is shown. The cost of materials for the surgical act is reduced with it, as well as the surgical staff, it is easy to use and unpleasant sensations and dangers of the use of ischemia in patients are reduced(AU)

Estandarización de una técnica en el tiempo y su impacto en los resultados para hiperhidrosis palmar primaria / Our technique standardization on time and how impact over outcomes for primary palmar hiperhidrosis

Resumen Introducción: La hiperhidrosis palmar primaria es un problema médico frecuente. Minimizar la invasión, simplificar y estandarizar la técnica supone mejores resultados. Objetivo: Evaluar eficacia y seguridad con la aplicación de nuestra técnica simplificada y estandarizada, a través de su impacto en los resultados trans y postoperatorio para la hiperhidrosis palmar primaria (HPP). Materiales y Método: Se realiza estudio observacional que evalúa los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de nuestra técnica estandarizada para el tratamiento de HPP. El universo está constituido por 359 pacientes intervenidos entre 2007 y 2011. El control hasta los 5 años fue posible en 298, los que constituyeron la muestra definitiva. Resultados: Se analizaron 298 pacientes (596 procedimientos). En el transoperatorio solo 3 pacientes (1%) presentaron alguna complicación. El manejo del dolor torácico fue la mayor dificultad inmediata a la cirugía, con 61,7% de dolor moderado y 15,2% severo. Último control a 5 años con curación en el 99,7% y una recidiva. Los índices de satisfacción se muestran en rango excelente según encuestas validadas. Manejo ambulatorio en 99%. Discusión: Aplicar intubación endotraqueal simple permite extrapolar ventajas ya conocidas de esta técnica y menos complicaciones respiratorias, suspensiones, uso de recursos costosos o personal muy calificado. La combinación de simplificar aspectos quirúrgicos y anestésicos permitieron estandarizar y simplificar nuestra técnica y con ello: no necesitar drenajes pleurales, menos dolor, recuperación casi inmediata de la fisiología respiratoria y alta precoz. Conclusión: Combinar el empleo de tubo endotraqueal simple y oxigenación apneíca con minimizar la invasión quirúrgica: puerto único, sin drenaje pleural y manejo ambulatorio constituyen una práctica segura para la simpatectomía torácica endoscópica, con mejores resultados postoperatorios, una vez logrado en entrenamiento necesario.

Introduction: Primary palmar hyperhidrosis is a frequent medical problem. Minimizing invasion, simplifying and standardizing technique means better results. Aim: To evaluate efficacy and safety with the application of our simplified and standardized technique, through its impact on trans and post-operative outcomes for primary palmar hyperhidrosis (PPH). Minimizing approach, simplifying and standardizing the technique should lead to better outcomes. Materials and Method: An observational study is carried out to evaluate the outcomes obtained with the application of our standardized technique for the treatment of PPH. The universe constituted by 359 patients treated between 2007 and 2011. Control up to 5 years was possible in 298, which constituted the definitive sample. Results: 298 patients (596 procedures) were analyzed. In the transoperative only 3 patients (1%) report minor complication. Thoracic pain management was the greatest difficulty immediate to surgery, with 61.7% moderate pain and 15.2% severe. Satisfaction indexes in excellent range according to validated surveys. Outpatient management in 99%. Discussion: Simple intubation avoids respiratory complications, suspensions, use of expensive resources or highly qualified personnel. Early pain relief, non-uses of pleural tubes or antibiotics allows rapid recovery and early discharge due to simplification and standardization of the technique. Conclusion: The use of simple endotraqueal tube and oxygenation in apnea, single port, without pleural drainage or antibiotics and ambulatory is a safe practice for endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy, once achieved in necessary training.

Cirugía reconstructiva de la mano en pacientes tetrapléjicos / Reconstructive surgery of the upper limb tetraplegi hand

RESUMEN Introducción: En las personas tetrapléjicas la carencia de la función del miembro superior constituye la mayor barrera para su autonomía, por lo que muchas de ellas consideran muy importante la reconstrucción y la recuperación de sus miembros superiores. Objetivo: Describir el restablecimiento de la pinza y el agarre de la mano tetrapléjica con el uso de las técnicas de Zancolli y House. Método: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, con 12 pacientes tetrapléjicos que acudieron a la consulta del equipo de Miembro Superior, del Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional "Frank País", de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2016. Las variables de estudio fueron: edad, sexo, etiología de la lesión, clasificación (según la clasificación internacional de Giens), dependencia en la realización de las actividades cotidianas (índice de Barthel), función de la extremidad (clasificación funcional de Mowery), la satisfacción personal (escala de Allien y Machle) y complicaciones. Se utilizaron las técnicas de Zancolli y House. La información se recogió de las historias clínicas de los pacientes ingresados. Los datos se procesaron en una base de datos creada en microcomputadora con los sistemas Word y Excel. También se utilizó el sistema estadístico SPSS 17. Resultados: Del total de pacientes de la muestra, se atendieron once hombres y una mujer (24 manos en total). La edad promedio fue de 30 años, con un período de latencia de 8,6 años. Se recogió como etiología de la lesión medular la traumática. Según la clasificación internacional de Giens, hubo diez pacientes en el grupo 4, y dos pacientes en el grupo 5. Se presentaron complicaciones en tres casos. Con la cirugía se logró que todos los enfermos cambiaran de la condición de dependientes a independientes. En cuanto a la función de la mano, la gran mayoría de la muestra fue clasificada como excelente y, respecto a la satisfacción personal, nueve pacientes refirieron sentirse excelentes. Conclusiones: La técnica de Zancolli y la de House favorecen el restablecimiento de la pinza y el agarre de la mano tetrapléjica, mejoran la movilidad articular, la fuerza muscular y la funcionabilidad de la mano. Estos procedimientos favorecen la autonomía del paciente y tienen un alto grado de satisfacción(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: In tetraplegic persons, the lack of function of the upper limb constitutes the utmost barrier to their autonomy, which is why many of them consider the reconstruction and recovery of their upper limbs to be very important. Objective: To describe the restoration of the caliper and the grip of quadriplegic hand with the use of Zancolli and House techniques. Method: A longitudinal, prospective study was carried out in 12 tetraplegic patients who came to the upper limp consultation at Frank País International Orthopedic Scientific Complex, from January 2013 to December 2016. The study variables were age, sex, injury etiology, classification (according to Giens international classification), dependence on daily activities (Barthel index), function of the limb (Mowery functional classification), personal satisfaction (Allien and Machle scale) and complications. Zancolli and House techniques were used. The information was collected from the medical records of the admitted patients. Data was processed in a microcomputer database with Word and Excel systems. The SPSS 17 statistical system was also used. Results: Eleven men and one woman (24 hands in total) were treated from the total of patients in the sample. The average age was 30 years, with 8.6 years of latency period. Traumatic spinal cord injury was collected as the etiology of the spinal cord injury. According to the international Giens classification, there were ten patients in group 4, and two patients in group 5. Complications occurred in three cases. With surgery, all patients were able to change from dependent to independent status. Regarding hand function, the vast majority of the sample was classified as excellent, and regarding personal satisfaction, nine patients reported feeling excellent. Conclusions: Zancolli and House techniques favor the restoration of the caliper and the grip of the quadriplegic hand, improve joint mobility, muscle strength and the functionality of the hand. These procedures favor the autonomy of the patient and have a high degree of satisfaction(AU)

RÉSUMÉ Introduction: Chez les personnes tétraplégiques, l'absence de fonction des membres supérieurs est la barrière la plus grande qui empêche leur autonomie. C'est pourquoi la plupart d'entre elles considèrent la reconstruction et la récupération de leurs membres supérieurs très importantes. Objectif: Décrire le rétablissement de la pince digitale et la préhension de la main tétraplégique par les techniques de Zancolli et de House. Méthode: Une étude longitudinale et prospective de 12 patients tétraplégiques vus en consultation par l'équipe de Membres supérieurs, au Complexe scientifique international d'orthopédie Frank Pais, a été effectuée de janvier 2013 à décembre 2016. Les variables étudiées ont été l'âge, le sexe, l'étiologie de la lésion, la classification (selon la classification internationale de Giens), la dépendance au moment de réaliser les activités quotidiennes (index de Barthel), la fonction de l'extrémité (classification fonctionnelle de Mowery), la satisfaction personnelle (échelle d'Allien et Machhle), et les complications. Les techniques de Zancolli et de House ont été employées. L'information a été obtenue à partir des dossiers médicaux des patients hospitalisés. Les données ont été traitées dans une base des données créée par ordinateur sur la base des applications telles que Word et Excel. On a aussi utilisé le système statistique SPSS 17. Résultats: Sur la totalité de patients de l'échantillon, onze hommes et une femme (24 mains au total) ont été pris en charge. L'âge moyen a été 30 ans, dans une période de latence de 8.6 ans. Les traumatismes sont à l'origine de la lésion médullaire. D'après la classification internationale de Giens, il y a eu dix patients dans le groupe 4 et deux patients dans le groupe 5. Il y a eu des complications dans trois cas. L'intervention a permis que tous les malades atteignent leur autonomie. La fonction de la main a été considérée excellente dans la majorité des patients de l'échantillon, tandis que neuf ont exprimé leur satisfaction. Conclusions: Les techniques de Zancolli et de House favorisent le rétablissement de la pince digitale et la préhension de la main tétraplégique, et améliorent la mobilité articulaire, la force musculaire et la fonction de la main. Ces procédures facilitent l'autonomie du patient, et obtiennent un haut taux de satisfaction(AU)

Retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço para o tratamento cirúrgico do trauma elétrico da mão: relato de caso / Reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm for the surgical treatment of electric hand trauma: Case report

Introdução: Lesões que acometem as mãos com importante perda cutânea frequentemente requerem retalhos para cobertura precoce, visto que permitem melhor reabilitação. Dentre as opções, o retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço é o mais utilizado para defeitos no dorso da mão e punho, com baixas taxas de complicações. Normalmente, esse retalho não é utilizado para a reconstrução de defeitos em região palmar, já que geralmente não alcança esse local. Relato de caso: Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com queimadura elétrica de terceiro grau, em palma da mão direita, cuja reconstrução foi realizada com o uso do retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço, após debridamentos conservadores, no 14o dia após a queimadura. O paciente apresentou boa evolução pós-operatória, sem complicações ou sequelas funcionais a longo prazo. Conclusão: O retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço permite cobertura adequada de lesões em palma da mão, preservando sua funcionalidade.

Introduction: Lesions affecting the hands with significant skin loss often require flaps for early coverage, as these permit faster healing. Among the various options, the reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm is most commonly used for defects involving the back of the hand and wrist due to low complication rates. Normally, this flap is not used for the reconstruction of defects in the palmar region since its distal reach is insufficient. Case report: We present the case of a male patient with third-degree electrical burns on his right palm, whose reconstruction was performed on the 14th day postinjury using the reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm after conservative debridement. The patient presented good postoperative evolution, without long-term complications or functional sequelae. Conclusion: The reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm permits adequate coverage of palm injuries, preserving its functionality.

The Role of the Hand Surgeon in Microsurgery in Brazil / Atuação do médico cirurgião de mão em microcirurgia no Brasil

Abstract Objective This study evaluates the conditions for microvascular procedures found by hand surgeons in Brazilian clinical practices. Methodology A prospective, observational, and analytical primary clinical research conducted during the 37th Brazilian Congress of Hand Surgery, from March 30th to April 1st, 2017, in Belo Horizonte, in which physicians answered 12 closed, objective, multiple-choice questions regarding their geographic region, type of institution (public or private), microsurgical training, time of experience, technical conditions, the availability of a standby team for emergencies and compensation. Results The study analyzed 143 hand surgeons; among them, 65.7% participants were based at the Southeast region, 13.3% in the Northeast region, 11.9% in the South region, 6.3% in the Central-West region and 2.8% in the North region. Regarding the time of experience, 43.4% of the hand surgeons had less than 5 years, 16.8% had 5 to 10 years, 23.8% 10 to 20 years, and 23% hadmore than 20 years of practice in microvascular surgery. Seven percent of the surgeons had no training in microvascular surgery; for 63.6%, training occurred during medical residency, whereas 30.8% were trained in another institution, and 7.7% in another country. Among these surgeons, 76.9% worked at both private and public hospitals, 14.7% at private hospitals and 5.6% at public hospitals. Regarding compensation, 1.8% of the surgeons considered it adequate, and 98.2%, inadequate in public hospitals, whereas 5.0% considered it adequate, and 95.0%, inadequate in private hospitals. Conclusion This research shows that most surgeons were trained in microsurgery, had never performed reattachments, and considered that compensation is inadequate; moreover, standby teams were not available. There are few, unevenly distributed hand surgeons with microsurgical ability in emergency settings, and their compensation is low.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar quais as condições que o cirurgião de mão no Brasil tem encontrado na prática clínica para a realização de procedimentos microvasculares. Métodos Pesquisa clínica primária prospectiva, observacional, transversal e analítica; realizada no 37° Congresso Brasileiro de Cirurgia deMão, de 30 demarço a 1 de abril de 2017, em Belo Horizonte. Por meio de aplicação de questionário a médicos do Congresso, com 12 perguntas, respostas objetivas, fechadas ou de múltipla escolha; envolveram a região geográfica, o tipo de instituição, se pública e/ou privada, seu treinamento microcirúrgico, tempo de formação, condições técnicas, presença de equipe de retaguarda para urgências e remuneração. Resultados Um total de 143 médicos foram entrevistados, 65,7% atuavam na região sudeste;13,3% na região nordeste; 11,9% na região sul; 6,3% na região centro-oeste; e 2,8% na região norte. Do total de cirurgiões, 43,4%, atuavam há < 5 anos; 16,8% de 5 a 10 anos; 23,8% de 10 a 20 anos; e 23% há > 20 anos. Do total de cirurgiões, 7,0% não tiveram treinamento em cirurgias microvasculares; 63,6% realizaram treinamento na residência médica, 30,8% em outra instituição, e 7,7%, outro país. Do total de cirurgiões, 5,6% trabalhavam em hospitais públicos, 14,7% em hospitais privados, e 76,9% em ambos. Do total de cirurgiões, 1,8% consideravam adequada a remuneração nas instituições públicas e 5,0% nas instituições privadas; 98,2% consideraram inadequadas as remunerações nas instituições públicas e 95,0% nas instituições privadas. Conclusão A maioria obteve treinamento em microcirurgia, não fazia reimplantes, considerava a remuneração inadequada, e não dispunha de equipe de sobreaviso. Há escassez e má distribuição de cirurgiões de mão com habilidade microcirúrgica nas emergências e baixo valor de reembolso.

Reinserção de avulsão traumática dos tendões flexor superficial e profundo do dedo mínimo pela técnica de "Pull Out" / Reinsertion of traumatic avulsion of the superficial and deep flexor tendons of the little finger using the pull-out technique

A lesão fechada simultânea por avulsão do tendão flexor profundo e do tendão flexor superficial dos dedos é rara, tendo sido relatados somente nove casos na literatura desde 1984. Foram descritas diversas técnicas para o reparo cirúrgico da lesão dos tendões flexores, todavia, sem um consenso sobre a melhor forma de reinserção do tendão. Relatamos o caso de um paciente que sofreu avulsão traumática do tendão flexor superficial e do tendão flexor profundo do 5º dedo, que foi tratado cirurgicamente pela técnica de Pull-Out.

Simultaneous closed traumatic avulsion of both the deep flexor tendon and the superficial flexor tendon of the fingers is rare, and only nine cases have been reported in the literature since 1984. Several surgical procedures for repairing flexor tendon lesions have been described, but there is no consensus on the best approach to reinsert the tendon. We report the case of a patient who suffered a traumatic avulsion of the superficial flexor tendon and the deep flexor tendon of the fifth finger, which was surgically treated using the pull-out technique.

Evidence hierarchies relating to hand surgery: current status and improvement. A bibliometric analysis study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hierarchy of evidence is an important measurement for assessing quality of literature. Information regarding quality of evidence within the Brazilian hand surgery setting is sparse, especially regarding whether research has improved in either quality or quantity. This study aimed to identify and classify hand surgery studies published in the two most important Brazilian orthopedics journals based on hierarchy of evidence, with comparisons with previously published data. DESIGN AND SETTING: Bibliometric analysis study performed in a federal university. METHODS: Two independent researchers conducted an electronic database search for hand surgery studies published between 2010 and 2016 in Acta Ortopédica Brasileira and Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. Eligible studies were subsequently classified according to methodological design, based on the Haynes pyramid model (HP) and the JBJS/AAOS levels of evidence and grades of recommendations (LOR). Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered regarding all studies. Previous data were considered to assess whether the proportion of high-quality studies had improved over time (2000-2009 versus 2010-2016). RESULTS: The final analysis included 123 studies, mostly originating from the southeastern region (78.8%) and private institutions (65%), with self-funding (91.8%). Methodological assessment showed that 15.4% were classified as level I/II using HP and 16.4% using LOR. No significant difference in proportions of high-quality studies was found between the two periods of time assessed (5% versus 12%; P = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Approximately 15% of hand surgery studies published in two major Brazilian journals were likely to be classified as high-quality through two different systems. Moreover, no trend towards quality-of-evidence improvement was found over the last 15 years.

Good sensory recovery of the hand in brachial plexus surgery using the intercostobrachial nerve as the donor / Boa recuperação da sensibilidade da mão usando o nervo intercostobraquial como doador em cirurgia do plexo braquial

ABSTRACT Objective: Restoration of the sensitivity to sensory stimuli in complete brachial plexus injury is very important. The objective of our study was to evaluate sensory recovery in brachial plexus surgery using the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN) as the donor. Methods: Eleven patients underwent sensory reconstruction using the ICBN as a donor to the lateral cord contribution to the median nerve, with a mean follow-up period of 41 months. A protocol evaluation was performed. Results: Four patients perceived the 1-green filament. The 2-blue, 3-purple and 4-red filaments were perceptible in one, two and three patients, respectively. According to Highet's scale, sensation recovered to S3 in two patients, to S2+ in two patients, to S2 in six patients, and S0 in one patient. Conclusion: The procedure using the ICBN as a sensory donor restores good intensity of sensation and shows good results in location of perception in patients with complete brachial plexus avulsion.

RESUMO Objetivo: A restauração da sensibilidade em pacientes com lesão completa do plexo braquial é muito importante. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a recuperação sensitiva em cirurgia do plexo braquial utilizando o nervo intercostobraquial (NICB) como doador. Métodos: Onze pacientes foram submetidos a reconstrução sensitiva usando o NICB como doador para a contribuição lateral do nervo mediano, com tempo de acompanhamento pós-operatório médio de 41 meses. Um protocolo de avaliação foi realizado. Resultados: Quatro pacientes perceberam o filamento 1-verde. Os filamentos 2-azul, 3-roxo e 4-vermelho foram percebidos por um, dois e três pacientes, respectivamente. Um paciente não apresentou recuperação sensitiva. Dois pacientes obtiveram recuperação S3, dois S2+, seis S2 e um S0, pela escala de Highet. Conclusão: O procedimento usando o NICB como doador promove boa intensidade de recuperação sensitiva e bons resultados são obtidos quanto ao local de percepção em pacientes com avulsão completa do plexo braquial.

Reconstrução tardia na mão traumatizada com perda de múltiplos dedos / Late reconstruction of a traumatized hand with loss of multiple fingers

As lesões mutilantes de mão são um desafio para o cirurgião de mão e o paciente. O cirurgião deve tomar decisões desde o debridamento inicial, escolhendo quais dedos e articulações serão preservadas e uso apropriado das partes a serem retiradas. A reconstrução tardia é a segunda parte dessa difícil tarefa. Dificuldade que se atribui à particularidade de cada lesão, do grande número de possibilidades de tratamento e seus diversos níveis de complexidade que devem ser adequados à necessidade e motivação pessoal de cada paciente. Este relato de caso apresenta uma reconstrução tardia de mão com perda de indicador e dedo médio com transplante de articulação metacarpofalângica de indicador para função de interfalangeana proximal de dedo médio.

Mutilating hand injuries are a challenge to both the hand surgeon and the patient. The surgeon must make decisions ranging from the initial debridement to which fingers and joints will be preserved and the appropriate use of the parts to be removed. Late reconstruction constitutes the second part of this difficult task. The difficulty attributed to the characteristics of each lesion, the large number of treatment possibilities, and the different levels of complexity must be adapted to the personal needs and motivation of each patient. This case report describes a late hand reconstruction with index and middle finger loss, using metacarpophalangeal joint transplantation of the index finger to gain the proximal interphalangeal function of the middle finger.

Hand and wrist surgery without suspending warfarin or oral antiplatelet - systematic review / Cirurgia da mão e do punho sem suspender varfarina ou antiplaquetários orais - Revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT To assess, through a systematic literature review, whether or not it is necessary to suspend antithrombotic medications (warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel) to perform elective wrist and hand surgeries. The search for articles was performed using a combination of keywords in the databases available, without scientific design constraints, being selected series with five or more surgeries; the selected articles were analyzed regarding serious (need for surgical treatment) and mild complications (without surgery). Seven articles were retrieved and analyzed; 410 wrist and hand surgeries were performed in patients on warfarin or aspirin and clopidogrel, with three serious complications (0.7%) and 38 mild (9.2%); 2023 surgeries were performed in patients without use of antithrombotics, with zero serious and 18 (0.8%) minor complications. Patients using warfarin or oral antiplatelet (aspirin, clopidogrel, and aspirin associated with clopidogrel) need not suspend the medication to undergo wrist and hand surgery.

RESUMO Avaliar, por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura, se há ou não necessidade de suspender medicamentos antitrombóticos (varfarina, AAS e clopidogrel) para a realização de procedimentos eletivos de cirurgia do punho e da mão. A busca de artigos foi feita por meio da combinação de palavras-chave nas bases de dados disponíveis, sem restrições de desenho científico, sendo selecionadas séries com cinco ou mais cirurgias; os artigos selecionados foram analisados em relação às complicações graves (necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico) e leves (sem necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico). Sete artigos foram encontrados e analisados; 410 cirurgias do punho e da mão foram feitas em pacientes em uso de varfarina ou AAS e clopidogrel e observou três complicações graves (0,7%) e 38 leves (9,2%); 2.023 cirurgias foram feitas em pacientes sem uso dos antitrombóticos, apresentaram zero complicações graves e 18 leves (0,8%). Pacientes em uso de varfarina ou antiplaquetários orais (AAS, clopidogrel e AAS associado a clopidogrel) não necessitam suspender a medicação para ser submetidos a cirurgias do punho e da mão.

Is it safe to use local anesthesia with adrenaline in hand surgery? WALANT technique / É seguro o uso de anestésico local com adrenalina na cirurgia da mão? Técnica WALANT

ABSTRACT In the past it was taught that local anesthetic should not be used with adrenaline for procedures in the extremities. This dogma is transmitted from generation to generation. Its truth has not been questioned, nor the source of the doubt. In many situations the benefit of use was not understood, because it was often thought that it was not necessary to prolong the anesthetic effect, since the procedures were mostly of short duration. After the disclosure of studies of Canadian surgeons, came to understand that the benefits went beyond the time of anesthesia. The WALANT technique allows a surgical field without bleeding, possibility of information exchange with the patient during the procedure, reduction of waste material, reduction of costs, and improvement of safety. Thus, after passing through the initial phase of the doubts in the use of this technique, the authors verified its benefits and the patients' satisfaction in being able to immediately return home after the procedures.

RESUMO Aprendemos que não deveríamos usar um anestésico local com adrenalina para procedimentos nas extremidades. Esse dogma é transmitido de geração em geração. Não questionávamos a sua veracidade ou a origem da dúvida. Em muitas situações não entendíamos o benefício do uso, pois muitas vezes pensávamos não ser necessário prolongar o efeito anestésico, já que os procedimentos eram, na sua maioria, de curta duração. Após a divulgação de estudos dos cirurgiões canadenses, passamos a entender que os benefícios se estendiam além do tempo de anestesia. A técnica WALANT permite um campo cirúrgico sem sangramento, possibilidade de troca de informações com o paciente durante o procedimento, redução de material de descarte, redução de custos e melhoria da segurança. Dessa forma, após passar pela fase inicial das dúvidas quanto ao uso dessa técnica, verificamos os seus benefícios e a satisfação dos pacientes em poderem retornar de imediato para casa após os procedimentos.

Cirurgiões plásticos como especialistas em cirurgia de mão: fatores determinantes da percepção do público / Plastic surgeons as hand surgery specialists: determinant factors of public's perceptions

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os possíveis determinantes para o público escolher os cirurgiões plásticos como especialistas em cirurgia de mão. Métodos: Membros do público (n = 701) escolheram um ou dois especialistas que eles acreditassem serem experts para 11 cenários relacionados à cirurgia de mão. Análises bivariadas e multivariadas foram aplicadas para avaliar os possíveis determinantes (dados sociodemográficos, fontes de informações e contato prévio com a cirurgia plástica) para o público escolher os cirurgiões plásticos como especialistas em cirurgia de mão. Resultados: Houve uma compreensão limitada (p < 0,05 para todas as comparações) sobre o papel dos cirurgiões plásticos em infecção da mão, tumor da mão, fratura da mão, lesão tendinosa da mão, síndrome do túnel do carpo, artrite reumatoide e contratura de Dupuytren. Apenas a idade foi um (p < 0,05 para todas as comparações) determinante significativo de cirurgião plástico como um padrão de resposta. Conclusão: A idade foi um fator determinante da escolha pública de cirurgiões plásticos como especialistas em arena de cirurgia da mão.

Introduction: To assess the possible determinants that lead public to choose plastic surgeons as hand surgery specialists. Methods: General public members (n = 701) were asked to choose one or two specialists that they perceived to be an expert in 11 hand surgery-related scenarios. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were applied to assess the possible determinants (sociodemographic data, source of reported information, and previous plastic surgery contact) of public choice of plastic surgeons as experts in the hand surgery-related scenarios. Results: A significantly (all p < 0.05) poor understanding of the role of plastic surgeons was seen in infectious hand injury, hand tumor, hand fracture, hand tendon injury, carpal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis deformity, and dupuytren contracture. Age was a significant (all p < 0.05) determinant of plastic surgeon as a response pattern. Conclusion: Participants' age was a determinant of public choose plastic surgeons as experts in hand surgery area.

Procedimentos no atendimento para queimaduras nas mãos na fase aguda / Procedures in the care of hand burns in the acute phase

Introdução: A mão representa 3% da superfície corporal total, porém seu envolvimento em trauma grave, como uma queimadura, pode levar a sequelas funcionais graves. O presente estudo descreve os procedimentos no atendimento de pacientes na fase aguda com queimaduras envolvendo as mãos. Métodos: 122 pacientes com queimaduras térmicas envolvendo uma ou ambas as mãos foram incluídos no estudo, entre agosto de 2011 a julho de 2014. No exame físico inicial, determinou-se a extensão e a profundidade da lesão; as queimaduras profundas e circulares, com sinais e sintomas de perfusão inadequada, tiveram escarotomias realizadas para evitar perda de extremidade. As queimaduras de espessura parcial profunda ou de espessura total no dorso das mãos foram submetidas à excisão tangencial até 5 dias após o trauma; e o enxerto de pele parcial foi realizado em todos os pacientes antes do 15º dia do trauma. Resultados: Os homens representaram a maioria (58% da casuística). Em relação ao agente das queimaduras, os líquidos inflamáveis corresponderam a 46,7% das internações. Em 50,8% dos casos, as queimaduras eram de espessura parcial profunda ou de espessura total e necessitaram de procedimento operatório. Não foi identificada perda de enxerto no grupo. As escarotomias foram realizadas em 12,3% dos pacientes. Conclusão: A mão queimada necessita de atenção e cuidados locais adequados, juntamente com excisão precoce e enxertia de pele.

Introduction: The hand represents 3% of total body surface, but its involvement in severe trauma, such as burns, can lead to serious functional sequelae. The present study describes procedures in the care of patients in the acute phase with burns involving the hands. Methods: 122 patients with thermal burns involving one or both hands were included in the study between August 2011 and July 2014. On initial physical examination, the extent and depth of the lesions were determined; deep and circular burns, with signs and symptoms of inadequate perfusion, had escharotomies performed to avoid the loss of extremity. Burns of partial deep thickness or full thickness on the back of the hands received tangential excision within 5 days after the trauma; partial skin grafting was performed on all patients before the 15th day of the trauma. Results: Men represented the majority of cases (58%). In relation to the burn agent, flammable liquids caused 46.7% of admissions. In 50.8% of the cases, the burns were of partial deep thickness or of total thickness and required an operative procedure. No graft loss was identified in the group. Escharotomies were performed in 12.3% of the patients. Conclusion: The burned hand needs proper local attention and care, along with early excision and skin grafting.

Quiste de inclusión epidérmica intraóseo con osteólisis de la falange distal / Kyste épidermoïde intra-osseux s'associant à une ostéolyse de la phalange distale / Intraosseous Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst with Osteolysis of the Distal Phalanx

Un motivo común de consulta en la práctica de la cirugía de mano es la aparición de algún tipo de tumoración. Afortunadamente la mayoría de dichas lesiones son benignas, sin embargo no deben subestimarse ya que existen lesiones malignas que pueden en apariencia y comportamiento imitar lesiones benignas, lo que puede retardar el diagnóstico o causar errores en el tratamiento inicial con consecuencias desastrosas para la función e incluso para la vida del paciente. El abordaje debe realizarse de acuerdo con los protocolos y lineamientos establecidos para las tumoraciones del sistema musculoesquelético, y los procedimientos quirúrgicos se deben planificarse de manera cuidadosa contando con los recursos técnicos necesarios para la resección adecuada y la reconstrucción funcional en caso necesario(AU)

A common cause of care in hand surgery practice is the appearance of a tumor or tumor like lesion. Fortunately, the majority of them are benign. Nevertheless, malignant lesions with benign-like appearance or behavior should not be underestimate since it may cause delayed diagnosis or inappropriate initial treatment with catastrophic functional consequences or even life threatening. Approach must be done in accordance to musculoskeletal tumor guidelines and surgical procedures carefully planned and executed by a surgeon with the experience to effectively resect and reconstruct if needed(AU)

La survenue de quelque sorte de tumeur au niveau de la main conduit souvent à une consultation de chirurgie. Heureusement, la plupart de ce dites lésions sont bénignes, mais elles ne doivent pas être négligées, car il y a des lésions malignes pouvant faire évoquer des lésions bénignes du fait de leur aspect et comportement, en retardant ainsi le diagnostic et en provoquant des erreurs dans le traitement initial avec des conséquences néfastes pour la fonction, et même pour la vie du patient. L'approche doit suivre les règles et protocoles établis pour les tumeurs du système musculo-squelettique, et les procédés chirurgicaux doivent être planifiés soigneusement au moyen des ressources techniques nécessaires pour une adéquate résection et une reconstruction fonctionnelle en cas nécessaire(AU)

Queimaduras elétricas por alta voltagem: cinco anos de análise epidemiológica e tratamento cirúrgico atualizado / High-voltage electrical burns: five-year epidemiological analysis and updated surgical treatment

INTRODUÇÃO: Avaliar cinco anos de análise epidemiológica e tratamento cirúrgico atualizado das queimaduras elétricas por alta voltagem. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal, no Centro de Terapia de Queimados Dr. Oscar Plaisant, do Hospital Federal do Andaraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2014. Foi aplicado um formulário nos prontuários dos 38 pacientes incluídos no estudo, a fim de avaliar as variáveis definidas. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 38 pacientes por queimadura elétrica de alta voltagem, sendo 95% dos casos do sexo masculino, com faixa etária entre 21-42 anos. O local de ocorrência mais frequente foi o trabalho, em 55,3%. A porcentagem de SCQ variou de 1-60%. A parte do corpo mais acometida foi a mão esquerda, em 55,26%. O preparo pré-cirúgico para autoenxertia foi necessário em 34,21%, sendo a média de tempo transcorrido 37,5 dias, o tipo de tratamento cirúrgico foi desbridamento seriado sob anestesia geral em 100%, autoenxertia em 31,6%, amputação em 18,4% e fasciotomia em 5,3% dos pacientes. A taxa de óbito foi de 0%. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo observou que as queimaduras elétricas ocorrem mais frequentemente em adultos jovens no local de trabalho, portanto, é necessário desenvolver políticas de sensibilização para a segurança no local de trabalho. Apesar da gravidade da lesão, pacientes com suporte clínico adequado e avaliação cirúrgica precoce têm mais probabilidade de sobreviver, mesmo com altas taxas de amputação, confirmando a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre a eletroporação.

INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of a 5-year epidemiological analysis and updated surgical treatment of high-voltage electrical burns. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Center of Burn Treatment Dr. Oscar Plaisant, Federal Hospital of Andaraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from January 2009 to December 2014. A form was applied to the medical records of 38 patients included in the study in order to assess the defined variables. RESULTS: In total, 38 patients with high-voltage burns were evaluated, 95% of whom were men aged between 21 and 42 years. The most frequent place of occurrence was the workplace in 55.3% of cases. The percentage of burned total body surface area ranged from 1% to 60%. The most affected part of the body was the left hand in 55.26% cases. Presurgical preparation for self-grafting was necessary in 34.21% subjects, and the mean time elapsed was 37.5 days. The type of surgical treatment was serial debridement under general anesthesia in 100% of the patients, self-grafting in 31.6%, amputation in 18.4%, and fasciotomy in 5.3%. The mortality rate was 0%. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated that electrical burns occur most often in young adults in the workplace; therefore, policies should be developed to raise safety awareness in the workplace. Despite the severity of the injury, patients with adequate clinical support and early surgical evaluation are more likely to survive, even with high rates of amputation, confirming the need for more research on electroporation.

Factors Influencing Outcomes after Ulnar Nerve Stability-Based Surgery for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Study

PURPOSE: Simple decompression of the ulnar nerve has outcomes similar to anterior transposition for cubital tunnel syndrome; however, there is no consensus on the proper technique for patients with an unstable ulnar nerve. We hypothesized that 1) simple decompression or anterior ulnar nerve transposition, depending on nerve stability, would be effective for cubital tunnel syndrome and that 2) there would be determining factors of the clinical outcome at two years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients with cubital tunnel syndrome underwent simple decompression (n=30) or anterior transposition (n=11) according to an assessment of intra-operative ulnar nerve stability. Clinical outcome was assessed using grip and pinch strength, two-point discrimination, the mean of the disabilities of arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) survey, and the modified Bishop Scale. RESULTS: Preoperatively, two patients were rated as mild, another 20 as moderate, and the remaining 19 as severe according to the Dellon Scale. At 2 years after operation, mean grip/pinch strength increased significantly from 19.4/3.2 kg to 31.1/4.1 kg, respectively. Two-point discrimination improved from 6.0 mm to 3.2 mm. The DASH score improved from 31.0 to 14.5. All but one patient scored good or excellent according to the modified Bishop Scale. Correlations were found between the DASH score at two years and age, pre-operative grip strength, and two-point discrimination. CONCLUSION: An ulnar nerve stability-based approach to surgery selection for cubital tunnel syndrome was effective based on 2-year follow-up data. Older age, worse preoperative grip strength, and worse two-point discrimination were associated with worse outcomes at 2 years.